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What the Bible Says About Dementia

What the Bible Says About Dementia

THE BIBLE AND DEMENTIA

 There are no specific passages concerning dementia in the Bible. The wisest man, Solomon, addressed issues of growing old and death which are applicable to any age-related or terminal illness  He admonished:

  “Remember your Creator in the days of your youth, before the days of trouble come and the years approach when you will say, “I find no pleasure in them” – before the sun and the light and the moon and the stars grow dark, and the clouds return after the rain’ when the keepers of the house tremble, and the strong men stoop, when the grinders cease because they are few and those looking through the windows grow dim; when the doors to the street are closes and the sound of grinding fades; when people rise up at the sound of birds, but all their songs grow faint; when people are afraid of heights and of dangers in the streets; when the almond tree blossoms and the grasshopper drags itself along and desire no longer is stirred. Then people go their eternal home and mourners go about the street. Remember him – before the silver cord is severed, and the golden bowl is broken; before the pitcher is shattered at the spring, and the wheel broken at the well, and the dust returns to the ground it came from and the spirit returns to God who gave it. ‘Meaningless! Meaningless!’ says the Teacher. ‘Everything is meaningless.’”

(Ecclesiastes 12:1-8)

Solomon acknowledged that, from a human perspective, life can sometimes seem meaningless because of its brevity and problems.  There are many challenges as one ages and grows increasingly closer to their appointed time to die.  In the face of these circumstances—and especially in the face of dementia related challenges—Solomon admonishes that we remember our Creator before these conditions arise so that we will have a tried and true refuge for difficult times.

Although no specific passages address dementia, a major key to coping with this and any other generative disease is to remember that no matter your circumstances, God’s character does not change. His promises still hold true. Your circumstances do not change His purposes for you.

God is actively working “all things” together for good.  If you don’t see any good in your circumstances, it is because He isn’t finished working yet, for “…we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to His purpose” (Romans 8:28). For some people, one of those “all things” includes dementia.. God does not say that all things are good—as dementia certainly is not good in itself!  Rather, God says He works  good in all things.

As it has been said, “If you aren’t dead, you aren’t done.”  God still has a purpose for those suffering with dementia.  You may not understand the “why” of this disease, but you can know that God is still in control of your life.  You aren’t done with your earthly mission until God says you are done.

With dementia, you may become uncertain about who you are or confused by the people around you, but God knows you.  You are not and never will be forgotten.  God declared:  “Can a mother forget her baby?  But even if she forgets, I will never forget you” (Isaiah 49:15).  In verse 16, God declares that your name is written on the palm of His hand.  There is no way you will be forgotten!

You will not lose your salvation if your dementia causes you to forget God.  The people of Israel willfully chose to forget God, yet the Word confirms that He saved them for His name’s sake:

             They did not remember the abundance of [God’s] steadfast love…
Yet he saved them for his name’s sake, that he might make known his mighty power.

             (Psalm 106:7, 8)

Claim and continue to trust in these precious promises of  God:

“…My grace is sufficient for you, for My strength is made perfect in weakness.” Therefore most gladly I will rather boast in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. Therefore I take pleasure in infirmities, in reproaches, in needs, in persecutions, in distresses, for Christ’s sake. For when I am weak, then I am strong.

(2 Corinthians 12:9, NKJV)

 I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. (Matthew 28:20, NKJV)

Yet in all these things we are more than conquerors through Him who loved us. For I am persuaded that neither death nor life, nor angels nor principalities nor powers, nor things present nor things to come, nor height nor depth, nor any other created thing, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.  

(Romans 8:37-39, NKJV)

 Nothing will separate you from God—not even dementia!

When I fear my faith will fail, Christ will hold me fast;
When the tempter would prevail, He will hold me fast.
I could never keep my hold through life’s fearful path;
For my love is often cold; He must hold me fast.

Those He saves are His delight, Christ will hold me fast;
Precious in his holy sight, He will hold me fast.
He’ll not let my soul be lost; His promises shall last;
Bought by Him at such a cost, He will hold me fast.

For my life He bled and died, Christ will hold me fast;
Justice has been satisfied; He will hold me fast.
Raised with Him to endless life, He will hold me fast
‘Till our faith is turned to sight, When He comes at last!

Chorus:  He will hold me fast, He will hold me fast;
For my Savior loves me so, He will hold me fast.

Remember that when you feel you no longer have strength to hold on to Him physically, mentally, or spiritually–He will hold on to you.  He will hold you fast!

Visiting Someone with Dementia

Visiting Someone with Dementia

VISITING SOMEONE WITH DEMENTIA

 

-Educate yourself about dementia using the “” on this site.  It is important to know the stage of dementia the person is experiencing so you can be prepared.

 

-Ask primary caregivers regarding the best time to visit. Plan your visit during the hours that best fit into their regular routine.

 

-If the person you are visiting is hospitalized and/or in a care facility, abide by the visiting hours.

 

-When you greet the person, it is helpful to say your name.  (“Hi Dad.  It’s Patty.)  This alleviates the stress of the person trying to remember who you are.  Very often they will parrot your name back (“Hi Patty.”)

 

-Always approach them from the front.  Do not tap them on the shoulder or startle them.

 

-Sit at the same level, make eye contact, and touch their hand if appropriate.

 

-Speak simply, one comment at a time.  Allow time for their responses.

 

-Take along a Christian magazine, book, music, or movie that you can enjoy together.

 

-There are many environmental DVDs–some with Christian music and scriptures.  These videos of mountains, streams, animals, etc., would be a blessing to someone who is housebound.

 

-Take along an audio recording of a service from their church and listen to it together.

 

-Play a simple game, if they are still capable of doing so.

 

-Take along photographs to share.

 

-Reminisce about the past–people, places, and experiences you have shared.

 

-Take along a special food treat that the person enjoys.  Check first with the caregiver or care facility to be sure it is okay for them to have it.

 

-Ask about the person’s hobbies, interests, and life.

 

-Keep trips and activities simple.  Give instructions, questions, or explanations regarding these simple and speak slowly. For example:  “It is such a nice day.  Would you like to go outside?”

 

-If you take the person on an outing, do not leave them alone in a store, restaurant, or car.  Some tend to wander.

 

-Do not take the person’s behaviors personally.  It is the disease that is acting and speaking, not your friend or loved one.

 

-Ignore statements that are incorrect.   Do not argue or try to convince a person differently, as they may be unable to think logically.

 

-Be patient when a person is trying to find the right word. Fill in missing words only if he/she encourages you to do so.

 

-Do not scold the person or get angry.  It is the disease, not the person, that is the problem.

 

-In later stages of dementia, if a person asks about someone who has already passed away, do not tell them that the person is dead.  Because they cannot remember, the grief is fresh each time you tell them.  Simply say:  “Aunt Sally couldn’t come today”–or a similar statement–then change the subject.

 

-Sometimes, a person just wants someone to be with them.  You don’t have to make conversation.  Just hold their hand and let them know you are there.

 

-Your visit does not have to be lengthy, especially in late stage dementia, as the person may tire easily.

 

-To conclude your visit:

-Always share an encouraging word from the Bible.  Use a familiar Bible version–most     often this will be the King James Version.

-Pray with them.

-Tell them you will visit again soon.

 

What Can the Church Community Do?

What Can the Church Community Do?

THE CHURCH COMMUNITY

 

There is sometimes a sense of abandonment that dementia patients experience, especially if they do not have understanding and support from their church family.  Here are some suggestions for ministering to dementia patients and their caregivers in your congregation.

-Educate staff on the common forms of dementia.  See the “” under Practical Resources on this website.

-Educate staff on the stages of dementia.  See “” under Practical Resources  on this website.

-Provide educational opportunities for the congregation on dementia to help remove its stigma.

-Form an International Christian Dementia support group in your church.  Download instructions, a , and from this website.

-Formulate a prayer team to pray for members with dementia and their caregivers.

-Lead a Bible study specifically for dementia patients and/or their caregivers.

-Organize a team of volunteers who will give caregivers a respite break.

-Organize a team to provide meals, housecleaning,  and run errands in times of crisis.

-Music leaders should include some of the classic hymns in worship services in order to better minister to those with dementia, as many do not relate to the modern songs.  See the article on “Music And Dementia” on this website.

 

-Messages:

-Should be simple, faith-filled, and hope-generating.

-Should–in the words of the Apostle Paul– be delivered  “…not with wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none effect.  (1 Corinthians 1:7) and “…not with enticing words of man’s wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power.”

-Can include messages on healing, including God’s healing power in the present and the ultimate healing in eternity.  See the article on “What About Healing” on this website   under “Christian Resources.

-Should be should be addressed to issues pertaining to suffering, difficult circumstances, and trials of faith.

-Offer affirmation of the dementia patients’ gifts and abilities, while noting their limitations.  For example if they are a vocalist, they might be able to sing in a choir even though they can no longer do solos. They might be able to be a teacher’s aide, even though they can no longer teach a class.

-Focus on adaptations the church can make to its campus to better accommodate dementia patients.  For example:

-Handicapped parking.

-Easy access to facilities.

-Simplified direction signs.

-Good lighting.

-Clutter free (which can be distracting to one with dementia).

-No strobe lights during worship.  These can trigger seizures in some dementia patients and in others medical conditions like epilepsy, etc.

-Include people with dementia in the order of worship services as their abilities permit.

An example might be letting them read the call to worship.

-When talking to a dementia patient, always gain their attention first. Then ask only one question or make one request at a time. Multiple questions and requests are difficult for them to process.

-Visit dementia patients in their homes or long-term care facilities.  Always read a scripture and pray for them.  If possible, provide them with internet connection to services and/or audio recordings of services.  See  the article on “Visiting Someone With Dementia” on this website.

-Send greeting cards on special occasions such as birthdays and Christmas.

-Offer to provide transportation to and from a service or an event if the dementia patient is no longer driving.

-Establish a “special friend” program, matching a church member to a dementia patient as a special friend who will welcome them to services, sit with them,  provide any help needed, and occasionally take them to lunch after service.

A simple power-point presentation for churches regarding dementia is available at:

Click on “Resources”.

Select:”Glorious Opportunity Church Power-point.”

 See also:  Graceful Alzheimer’s Care:  Churches’ Call To Action. By Cate McCarty

Amazon, 2015.  A fourteen-week study guide for church and lay leaders exploring the church’s role in providing Christ-like care to individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and other chronic diseases.

Medications for Dementia

Medications for Dementia

STAGES OF DEMENTIA

Dementia is a progressive disease with different stages.  The rate of progression is variable and there is no set length to each stage.  You will find numerous classifications of the stages of the disease online, but for simplicity purposes the Alzheimer’s Association and other medical professionals have divided the progression into three stages.

Early Stage:

-May still be able to function independently.

-Experiences impaired memory, but often tries to cover it up or deny it.

-Increased reliance on memory aids such as lists, notes, calendars.

-Loss of interest in complicated hobbies or chores.

-Needs reminding and prompting.

-Trouble remembering names of new acquaintances.

-Difficulty finding the right word.

-Forgets material they have just read.

-Loses or misplaces valuable objects.

-Increasing trouble with planning or organizing.

Caregiving in the early stage:

As a care partner (a term many choose to use rather than “caregiver,” since a person in the early stage of dementia may not need much assistance), you and the person with dementia have an opportunity:

-To plan for the future, including legal, financial, medical, and long-term care decisions.    -To make decisions regarding available medications, treatments, and clinical trials as well          as advance care directives.

This should be done now while the person with dementia can make proper decisions.

You can also assist by helping them make lists,  maintain calendars, and by writing out instructions of things they may be having problems remembering such as how to adjust the heater or air conditioner.

Label contents of cabinets in the kitchen if they have difficulty remembering where things are.

Very important:  Keep watch on their driving abilities.  In many states in the US, doctors are required to report a dementia diagnosis to the department of motor vehicles and they require retesting.

Middle Stage.

Moderate Alzheimer’s is typically the longest stage and can last for many years. As the disease progresses, the person with dementia will require a greater level of care.  During the middle stage of Alzheimer’s, individuals may experience:

-Greater difficulty performing familiar tasks.

-Increasing confusion of words.

-Frustration, anger, feels of withdrawal and isolation, depression, or acting in unexpected             ways–such as refusing to bathe.

-Increasing forgetfulness–can no longer deny the problem or cover it up.

-Being unable to recall basic information such as their age, birth date, address, telephone   number or the high school or college from which they graduated.

-Confusion about where they are or what day it is.

-Needing assistance to chose proper clothing for the season or the occasion.

-Trouble controlling bladder and bowels in some individuals.

-Changes in sleep patterns, such as sleeping during the day and becoming restless at night

-An increased risk of wandering and becoming lost.

-Personality changes, including suspiciousness, delusions, or  repetitive behavior.

-Social withdrawal.

-Repetitive comments or questions.

-Anxiety in new situations or unfamiliar environments.

-Impaired abilities to manage day-to-day life.

-Many repetitive questions (because they don’t remember that they asked and/or the          answer).

Caregiving in the middle stage.

As the abilities of the person with dementia changes, you will need to assume greater responsibilities . Daily routines and structure are important to help them feel secure.  Use a white board to write down the schedule for each day.  Be sure that the patient does not get dehydrated, as they may not remember to drink water.

The patient should definitely not be driving at this stage.  Any weapons in the house should be removed or secured.  You may need to assume bill-paying, banking, and financial functions. Make sure they are taking medications properly.  You may also need to assume meal preparation duties.

If the patient wanders, install alarms on the doors to sound when they are opened. You may also check out the “MedicAlert+Alzheimer’s Association Safe Return” program.  This is a 24 hour nationwide emergency response service for individuals with dementia who wander or have a medical emergency.  Check it out at: https://alz.org.

During this stage you will need to determine what a person can do by themselves, what they can do with assistance, and what they cannot do at all.  This may change on a daily or even hourly basis depending on brain functioning.  Be especially alert to eliminate any activities that are deemed unsafe.

The Alzheimer’s Association offers online workshops that can prepare you for the skills needed to care for someone in this stage of the disease. Sharing information with other caregivers also can be a great source of information and support. Other caregivers truly understand the complex feelings associated with caring for a person with dementia.  (You can do that right on this website!)

 

Late Stage.

-Needs full-time care.

-Cannot live independently.

-Highly impaired.

-Has severe memory loss–no memory or only fragments remaining.

-Develops personality changes/behavior problems.

-Communication impaired.

-Unable to make proper judgments, solve problems, or perform daily tasks.

-Needs help with personal care such as bathing and dressing.

-Experiences changes in physical abilities, including the ability to walk, stand, sit and,       eventually, to swallow.

-Becomes vulnerable to infections, especially pneumonia.

Caregiving in the late stage.

 

At this point in the disease, the caregiver should focus on preserving dignity and quality of life.  Late stage options for quality of life care might include sitting outside on a nice day; taking the patient for a “walk” using a wheelchair; preparing a favorite food; reading books; playing familiar music; watching favorite TV programs or a movie; reading the Bible; praying;  or looking at old photos.

 

Individuals will need round-the-clock assistance with daily activities and personal care.   In many cases, the person will be bedridden and/or need help with all daily functions:  Meals, medications,  bathing, dressing, bathroom, etc.   This is the time to consider assisted living, skilled nursing care, or in-home care.  You will need assistance!

Hospice is another option for late-stage care.  Hospice focuses on quality and dignity of life by providing comfort, care, and support services for people with terminal illnesses and their  families.  In the US, to qualify for hospice benefits under Medicare, a physician must diagnosis the person with Alzheimer’s disease as having less than six months to live.

END OF LIFE

Not all symptoms occur, but most people experience some combination of the following in the final days or hours prior to death.

 

Loss of appetite.  Energy needs decline, which affects appetite.  Decisions should have previously been made regarding tubal feeding which actually does not extend the person’s life in late stage, does not make them more comfortable, and does not reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.   Do not force-feed the person, as near the end they may be unable to swallow.  Offer ice chips or sips of water.

 

Excessive weakness, fatigue, and sleep.  The person may sleep the majority of time as their metabolism slows.  Permit them to do so, but assume that everything you say can be heard, as the sense of hearing is thought to persist even when a person is unconscious, in a coma, or otherwise unresponsive.  Focus on keeping the person comfortable.

 

Mental confusion, disorientation, and restlessness.  The person may not be aware of where they are or who is in the room.  They may respond less, respond to people who are not actually in the room, or have hallucinations.  Identify yourself when you approach them, remain calm, speak softly and reassuringly.

 

Labored breathing.  Breathing will become erratic.  Slightly elevating the head and/or use of a vaporizer may help.  Oxygen may also be prescribed for comfort.  Chest congestion may also hinder breathing.

Incontinence.  They may lose control of urinary/bowel functions.  Keep them clean and comfortable.

Other symptoms.  The patient may become cool to touch and/or veins and nails become bluish as circulation shuts down.

Final signs of death:

-No pulse.

-No breathing.

-No response.

-A bowel or bladder release.

-Relaxed muscles.

-Fixed eyes with partially shut eyelids.

Stages of Dementia

Stages of Dementia

STAGES OF DEMENTIA

Dementia is a progressive disease with different stages.  The rate of progression is variable and there is no set length to each stage.  You will find numerous classifications of the stages of the disease online, but for simplicity purposes the Alzheimer’s Association and other medical professionals have divided the progression into three stages.

Early Stage:

-May still be able to function independently.

-Experiences impaired memory, but often tries to cover it up or deny it.

-Increased reliance on memory aids such as lists, notes, calendars.

-Loss of interest in complicated hobbies or chores.

-Needs reminding and prompting.

-Trouble remembering names of new acquaintances.

-Difficulty finding the right word.

-Forgets material they have just read.

-Loses or misplaces valuable objects.

-Increasing trouble with planning or organizing.

Caregiving in the early stage:

As a care partner (a term many choose to use rather than “caregiver,” since a person in the early stage of dementia may not need much assistance), you and the person with dementia have an opportunity:

-To plan for the future, including legal, financial, medical, and long-term care decisions.    -To make decisions regarding available medications, treatments, and clinical trials as well as advance care directives.

This should be done now while the person with dementia can make proper decisions.

You can also assist by helping them make lists,  maintain calendars, and by writing out instructions of things they may be having problems remembering such as how to adjust the heater or air conditioner.

Label contents of cabinets in the kitchen if they have difficulty remembering where things are.

Very important:  Keep watch on their driving abilities.  In many states in the US, doctors are required to report a dementia diagnosis to the department of motor vehicles and they require retesting.

Middle Stage.

Moderate Alzheimer’s is typically the longest stage and can last for many years. As the disease progresses, the person with dementia will require a greater level of care.  During the middle stage of Alzheimer’s, individuals may experience:

-Greater difficulty performing familiar tasks.

-Increasing confusion of words.

-Frustration, anger, feels of withdrawal and isolation, depression, or acting in unexpected ways–such as refusing to bathe.

-Increasing forgetfulness–can no longer deny the problem or cover it up.

-Being unable to recall basic information such as their age, birth date, address, telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated.

-Confusion about where they are or what day it is.

-Needing assistance to chose proper clothing for the season or the occasion.

-Trouble controlling bladder and bowels in some individuals.

-Changes in sleep patterns, such as sleeping during the day and becoming restless at night

-An increased risk of wandering and becoming lost.

-Personality changes, including suspiciousness, delusions, or  repetitive behavior.

-Social withdrawal.

-Repetitive comments or questions.

-Anxiety in new situations or unfamiliar environments.

-Impaired abilities to manage day-to-day life.

-Many repetitive questions (because they don’t remember that they asked and/or the answer).

Caregiving in the middle stage.

As the abilities of the person with dementia changes, you will need to assume greater responsibilities . Daily routines and structure are important to help them feel secure.  Use a white board to write down the schedule for each day.  Be sure that the patient does not get dehydrated, as they may not remember to drink water.

The patient should definitely not be driving at this stage.  Any weapons in the house should be removed or secured.  You may need to assume bill-paying, banking, and financial functions. Make sure they are taking medications properly.  You may also need to assume meal preparation duties.

If the patient wanders, install alarms on the doors to sound when they are opened. You may also check out the “MedicAlert+Alzheimer’s Association Safe Return” program.  This is a 24 hour nationwide emergency response service for individuals with dementia who wander or have a medical emergency.  Check it out at: https://alz.org.

During this stage you will need to determine what a person can do by themselves, what they can do with assistance, and what they cannot do at all.  This may change on a daily or even hourly basis depending on brain functioning.  Be especially alert to eliminate any activities that are deemed unsafe.

The Alzheimer’s Association offers online workshops that can prepare you for the skills needed to care for someone in this stage of the disease. Sharing information with other caregivers also can be a great source of information and support. Other caregivers truly understand the complex feelings associated with caring for a person with dementia.  (You can do that right on this website!)

 Late Stage.

-Needs full-time care.

-Cannot live independently.

-Highly impaired.

-Has severe memory loss–no memory or only fragments remaining.

-Develops personality changes/behavior problems.

-Communication impaired.

-Unable to make proper judgments, solve problems, or perform daily tasks.

-Needs help with personal care such as bathing and dressing.

-Experiences changes in physical abilities, including the ability to walk, stand, sit and,       eventually, to swallow.

-Becomes vulnerable to infections, especially pneumonia.

Caregiving in the late stage.

 At this point in the disease, the caregiver should focus on preserving dignity and quality of life.  Late stage options for quality of life care might include sitting outside on a nice day; taking the patient for a “walk” using a wheelchair; preparing a favorite food; reading books; playing familiar music; watching favorite TV programs or a movie; reading the Bible; praying;  or looking at old photos.

 Individuals will need round-the-clock assistance with daily activities and personal care.   In many cases, the person will be bedridden and/or need help with all daily functions:  Meals, medications,  bathing, dressing, bathroom, etc.   This is the time to consider assisted living, skilled nursing care, or in-home care.  You will need assistance!

Hospice is another option for late-stage care.  Hospice focuses on quality and dignity of life by providing comfort, care, and support services for people with terminal illnesses and their  families.  In the US, to qualify for hospice benefits under Medicare, a physician must diagnosis the person with Alzheimer’s disease as having less than six months to live.

END OF LIFE

Not all symptoms occur, but most people experience some combination of the following in the final days or hours prior to death.

 Loss of appetite.  Energy needs decline, which affects appetite.  Decisions should have previously been made regarding tubal feeding which actually does not extend the person’s life in late stage, does not make them more comfortable, and does not reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.   Do not force-feed the person, as near the end they may be unable to swallow.  Offer ice chips or sips of water.

 Excessive weakness, fatigue, and sleep.  The person may sleep the majority of time as their metabolism slows.  Permit them to do so, but assume that everything you say can be heard, as the sense of hearing is thought to persist even when a person is unconscious, in a coma, or otherwise unresponsive.  Focus on keeping the person comfortable.

 Mental confusion, disorientation, and restlessness.  The person may not be aware of where they are or who is in the room.  They may respond less, respond to people who are not actually in the room, or have hallucinations.  Identify yourself when you approach them, remain calm, speak softly and reassuringly.

 Labored breathing.  Breathing will become erratic.  Slightly elevating the head and/or use of a vaporizer may help.  Oxygen may also be prescribed for comfort.  Chest congestion may also hinder breathing.

Incontinence.  They may lose control of urinary/bowel functions.  Keep them clean and comfortable.

Other symptoms.  The patient may become cool to touch and/or veins and nails become bluish as circulation shuts down.

Final signs of death:

-No pulse.

-No breathing.

-No response.

-A bowel or bladder release.

-Relaxed muscles.

-Fixed eyes with partially shut eyelids.

Signs of Dementia

Signs of Dementia

Dementia is not simply forgetting where you left your keys, being unable to recall someone’s name, or being unable to remember what you went into a room to retrieve.   Incidents like this occur at all ages, although perhaps more frequently as you age.

 

Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with normal activities of daily living which lasts more than six months and has not been present since birth.  It is a group of symptoms caused by the gradual death of brain cells. The loss of cognitive abilities that occurs with dementia leads to impairments in memory, reasoning, planning, and behavior.

 

While the overwhelming number of people with dementia are elderly, dementia is not an inevitable part of aging.  Dementia is not a specific disease, but it is a term that describes a group of symptoms  that are caused by specific brain diseases–Alzheimer’s being the most common and vascular dementia–which occurs after a stroke–being the second most common.   See the “Glossary” on this website for definitions of various types of dementia.

 

Here are some common signs of dementia compiled from several reliable medical sites.

 

Memory loss that interferes with normal activities of daily living. Examples:  Forgetting appointments, forgetting to pay bills, asking for the same information repeatedly, increasing reliance on memory aids.

 

Difficulty in planning or solving problems.  Examples:  Difficulty following a familiar recipe or written or oral instructions.

 

Difficulty completing familiar tasks.  Examples:  Difficulty in driving to a familiar location, remembering the rules to a favorite game, knowing how to put on a DVD, use a remote control, replace batteries in  devices, etc.

 

Confusion of time and space.  Examples:  People with dementia can lose track of dates, seasons, and time.

 

Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships.  Examples:  Problems judging distance, determining color and contrasts, or being able to look at a diagram and assemble something.

 

New problems with speaking or writing.  Examples:  Trouble following a conversations, especially when many people are involved.  Problems in finding specific words and/or calling things by the wrong name.  “New problems”  means exclusion of previously existing conditions like dyslexia or dyscalculia, both of which are learning disorders.

 

Misplacing things and losing the ability to find them.  Examples:  A person with dementia may put things in unusual places and/or forget where they have put something.  While everyone may do this occasionally, it is more frequent in dementia and a distinguishing difference is that someone with dementia does not have the ability to retrace their steps and recover the lost items.  This may result in them blaming someone else for misplacing an item or stealing.

 

Poor judgment.  Examples:  People with dementia may use poor judgment in finances, perhaps giving large amounts to telemarketers, charities, people they hardly know, etc.  They may inappropriately provide personal information such as social security or credit card numbers.  They may also ignore personal cleanliness and grooming.

 

Withdrawing from work, social activities, hobbies, etc.  Examples:  May avoid social situations because they do not want others to know about their condition and/or they fear they will do or say the wrong things.  They may also lose interest in hobbies or activities that they previously enjoyed because they may find them too difficult.

 

Personality changes.  Examples:  They may become suspicious, confused, fearful, anxious,  depressed, or even aggressive.